Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?

My Thoughts

🎛️ Edit Mode Active - Click weights to adjust

I am not a Bitcoin or crypto person, but I get way, way too into mysteries. I have spent way too much time in my life reading theories about who Banksy or Satoshi Nakamoto are, or googling to find photos of Daft Punk or Buckethead without masks, things like that.

Whenever I look up Satoshi Nakamoto theories, I will read a bunch of facts about one possibility, and think that they are clearly Satoshi, but then I'll read about someone else and think they they are. I've meant for ages to do an actual Bayesian breakdown of my thoughts on this, so I'm doing that here, finally.

This is a work in progress, and it's absolutely just my thoughts on it. If you want to plug in your own weights to the various pieces of evidence, there is an edit mode you can enable by clicking here. This will put you into EDIT MODE, where you can click on any weight or prior and change it, and the final calculation at the bottom of the page will update automatically.

Jamie Hewlett

Prior:

Co-creator of Gorillaz and Tank Girl, Hewlett is an established artist with connections to the Bristol music and art scene. Some have suggested his artistic style and cultural connections make him a candidate.

Evidence My Thoughts Weight
Established career that predates and runs concurrent with Banksy's emergence This actually works against the theory - Hewlett was already famous and busy with major projects. Why risk that reputation?
Artistic skills and style could potentially match some Banksy works While Hewlett is talented, his known style is quite different from Banksy's stencil-based approach. The techniques and aesthetics don't align well.
Connections to Bristol music scene and countercultural movements Relevant background, but many artists share these connections. Not uniquely identifying.

Robert Del Naja (3D from Massive Attack)

Prior:

Member of the influential Bristol trip-hop group Massive Attack and a graffiti artist in his own right. Del Naja has been suggested as a candidate due to his artistic background and Bristol connections.

Evidence My Thoughts Weight
Original member of Bristol graffiti crew "The Wild Bunch" in the 1980s Strong evidence - he has documented history in exactly the right scene and time period where Banksy would have developed.
Banksy artworks have appeared in cities where Massive Attack was touring Compelling pattern, though could be coincidental. The timing correlations would need deeper analysis to be conclusive.
Known to use stencils in his own artistic work Directly relevant skill set. Shows he has the technical ability and familiarity with Banksy's primary medium.
Has collaborated with Banksy on Massive Attack album artwork Could indicate they're the same person, or could just be professional collaboration. The nature of this relationship needs more investigation.
Age and timeline fit with Banksy's career emergence Born 1965, which would make him slightly older than most estimates for Banksy, but still within reasonable range.

Robin Gunningham

Prior:

A Bristol-born artist and former public schoolboy who attended Bristol Cathedral School. Gunningham was identified by journalist Claudia Joseph in 2008 as a potential candidate based on geographic and timeline analysis.

Evidence My Thoughts Weight
Geographic analysis by Queen Mary University researchers showing correlation between Gunningham's known locations and Banksy artwork appearances This is compelling statistical evidence, though geographic correlation alone doesn't prove identity. The methodology appears sound but could have alternative explanations.
Attended Bristol Cathedral School, same area where Banksy's early work appeared Significant because it places him in the right location during Banksy's formative period. However, many artists emerged from Bristol's scene.
Birth year (1973) aligns with estimated age of Banksy based on career timeline Reasonable circumstantial evidence, though the age estimates for Banksy have varied over time and aren't definitive.
Has never publicly denied being Banksy despite widespread speculation Interesting, but silence could be strategic for privacy regardless of whether he's Banksy. Many people don't respond to speculation about them.

My Little Bayesian Assessment

Based on the evidence weights and applying Bayesian reasoning (starting with equal prior probabilities), here are the calculated probabilities for each candidate being Satoshi Nakamoto according to me only:

Questions

Isn't it better that we never know who Satoshi is?

I have never remotely understood this sentiment. How can you not have any curiosity about this? If you hate Bitcoin, I supposed I understand it. If you have a ton of Bitcoin, I also understand maybe you are just happy being rich and happy and you don't want to rock the boat. I don't fit any of this - I have no Bitcoin (I think technically I have like 0.000001 BTC in some Coinbase account) but I think Bitcoin is pretty interesting (especially as opposed to most crypto stuff). How can people not care about the fact that one of the biggest tech things in the world was created by a mystery person? Come on!

How can I contact you to correct something or give an opinion?

Email me at andrew@smales.com.

How will I know if/when you update this?

Join my Substack newsletter I guess! It's not exactly for things like this, but it's the only thing I have set up right now. Or just bookmark this page?

Why do you care if you are not a Bitcoin guy?

I should have been a Bitcoin guy. I have owned Bitcoin in the past, don't get me wrong, I just always sold it quickly so I could live, and then I got much more AI-pilled when Superintelligence came out. I had a bunch of Bitcoin (as I mentioned above, I think I have enough to buy a large sandwich), but I don't, it's sad - what can ya do!

Can I contribute to this?

Yes, email me your thoughts! I don't have a Bitcoin address for actual contributions, seems like something I should probably have really - it'd be a cool old-school thing to have on this page, but I don't have any address right now.

Will we ever know for sure?

I don't think so. There is absolutely some chance that Satoshi is no longer alive, but if they are, there's a very strong chance (in my opinion) that they destroyed the private keys for the coins that are presumed to be theirs. This would go be perfectly in line with their behaviour so far, and I think it's very likely. If someone with an actual background in all this stuff historically suddenly had possession of Satoshi's coins, I guess that would be proof. If a random person suddenly had them, I'd just assume that eventually someone was able to prute force the private keys or something.

Having said that, back when the Silk Road was always in the news, I remember thinking that they would probably never catch the guy running it and that he would of course have incredible op sec. "There's no way that guy will have posted his real namt to Stack Overflow in relation to this" I would often say, "And they definitely won't just catch him in a public library!" haha.

How do you calculate these probabilities?

I told AI how to create the Bayesian scoring, and it implemented it in Javascript, which is not my main language. This is the summary it created of the system:

I use proper Bayesian inference where each piece of evidence is measured in decibans - the standard unit for Bayesian evidence. 0 decibans = neutral evidence (no change), +3 decibans ≈ 2x more likely, -3 decibans ≈ 0.5x less likely, +10 decibans = 10x more likely (strong evidence), -10 decibans = 0.1x less likely (strong counter-evidence). Each candidate starts with their prior probability (multiplier), then each piece of evidence multiplicatively updates this using Bayes' theorem. The final probabilities are normalized to sum to 100%. You can edit the weights above to see how they affect the calculations.